Lupine Publishers| Journal of Robotics and Mechanical Engineering
Abstract
This chapter gives a
small part of the work carried out in Uzbekistan on the use of solar and wind
energy. It is, of course, impossible to list all the work performed in this
area since the 1930s. Therefore, the author drew attention to the part that is associated
with the author’s direct scientific and technical work. Here are the works
related to the Big Solar Furnace of Uzbekistan, the operation of a modern
automated weather station, the measurement and use of wind energy. The
socio-economic development of the republic largely depends on a stable
electricity supply. Renewable energy sources play an important role in this. In
this sense, the construction of a wind power plant with a total capacity of
1,500 megawatts represents a change in the traditional energy system of the
Republic of Uzbekistan, which has entered a new energy era.
Keywords: Large
solar furnace; Concentrator; Eliostats; Solar radiant energy
Introduction
Go to
In Uzbekistan, the exploitation of renewable energies has
increased in recent decades. different sources were used including solar energy
and wind energy. Research on the use of solar energy in Uzbekistan was
conducted back in the 1930s. In Tashkent, Samarkand, Bukhara and other cities
of the republic, work was carried out in all areas of solar engineering: the
creation of solar furnaces and their use for obtaining high temperatures,
welding, cutting, refining and synthesis of refractory materials, the
conversion of solar energy into electrical and mechanical, the creation of new
solar materials, solar plants for domestic use, as well as for desalination
plants, greenhouses, hotbeds, a solar thermal battery, etc. [1]. The institute
of Material science is organized under initiative of AS RUz in 1993 on the
basis of scientific laboratories of Physicotechnical institute and a skilled
research-and-production complex of “Physics-Sun”-products of scientific and
technical idea and architectural-engineering work and territorially located in
Tashkent region in the structure of SPA “Physics-Sun” in area Parkent in 56kms
from Tashkent. The general territorial area 0,74km2.
Characteristics of Big Solar Furnace, Capacity of 1000Kw
Go to
As it is known, the
planet’s source of energy are limited, though the world reserve on the various
data are considered huge, but as it is forecasted by the end of the XXI century
the problem of power supply becomes most appreciable problem of the next
century. Optimistic and pessimistic propositions show that it is necessary to
find new energy resources or carry out the necessary actions on developing the
so-called alternative renewable energy resources.
The world energy reserve, especially fossil, for example, coal, oil and wood as
well per se are gathered under the action of the Solar energy. Besides, in the
near future, especially, if the development of the near earth space begins,
then the coming energy is the same of that solar energy. Therefore, all energy
of the future, in our opinion will be substantially on the basis of the solar
energy. Here exist two main problems. The first, assemblage of the energy and
the second, conversion it into the most convenient form for consumption and
accumulation. If these problems will be solved as much that the efficiency of
using will be within the limits of those coefficients of efficiency on which
the modern resources work and in addition the expenditures are below or at the
same level, then mankind will get rid of the danger of energy starvation, since
the solar energy is inexhaustible.
Moreover, the other vital and burning question turned out to be that the
reserves of uranium mines is not so big and on progressive power consumption,
as accounts of scientists show reserves of uranium mines will be sufficient for
70 years. Therefore, the significance of assimilation ecologically pure that
have no effect on heat balance of the Earth and inexhaustible energy of the Sun
is the most reliable source. Besides, immense opportunities of using solar
energy is hidden on assimilation of cosmic space. Beginning from the new
millennium the perspectives of world power engineering development cannot be
considered in isolation from problems of protection of the environment and
related with the use of renewable sources of energy among which the special
place is taken by the solar energy. Efforts are underway towards investigations
in the field of solar energy among countries are at the same level with
national programs designed for a long period.
By now quite a few various exploratory half-industrial installations are
operating in different countries and a big experience is gained on accumulating
the solar energy. In Uzbekistan scientific researches on using the solar energy
in national economy were started in 1930s at institutes of higher education of
Tashkent and Samarkand. After organization of Academy of Sciences this work
obtained new bursts(impulses). By the early 70s interesting results were
already taken on high-temperature investigations. Specifically, thermal physic
properties of some materials were analyzed under high temperatures, including
thermal hit and first results are taken on synthesis of new materials in the
small solar furnaces. Carriedout activities have shown that solar furnaces are
not just scientific instruments, but under determined conditions they can be
halfindustrial installation.
A big amount of work was done by the scientists of physicotechnical institute
of Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan (PTI) on development of
technology that receives super-pure materials under their radiant heating.
Adjustment of technology of synthesis of new materials was carried out under
laboratory conditions on installations kind of “Uran” with the artificial
source of light and on small solar furnaces on a heliostat field of PTI. Using
the energy of the Sun in conformity to obtain materials of high fire resistance
initially were accomplished by Japanese and French investigators. With this
purpose in Japan solar furnaces of little capacity and later on taking into
account this experience a Big Solar Furnace in France were built. The results
received by French investigators were interesting enough and promising both
with scientific and practical points of view. In scientific plan oxide and
non-metallic systems with the fluxing temperature over 2000 degree Celsius in
the oxidizing atmosphere were studied and it is hard to fulfill using the
traditional techniques. By the results of the investigation the properties were
revealed indicating that as a result influence of the solar radiation
mechanical, optical characteristics and a whole series of other functional
parameters of materials significantly improves. In practical aspect the
opportunity of getting finished measure crucible products by the centrifugal
method was shown. From the point of view technology of synthesis in melt the opportunity
of implementation of metastable conditions are challenging since it allows to
control phasic structure and accordingly, properties. Besides, it presents
considerable interest, an opportunity of obtaining superdispersed particles by
means of technology of ultraspeed quenching.
Considering all the advantages and perspectives in conformity with our region,
characterizing far from being lack of sunny days, a Big Solar Furnace were
created, and being the second installation in the world with such a big capacity,
namely, in the focus slightly less than 1 m concentrates energy of 1000
kilowatt and temperature about three thousand degrees Celsius is implemented.
In creation of the furnace the effort and work of many enterprises and
institutes of the former Soviet Union were put in and support at all stages of
the government of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Since past 15 years systematic
investigation of many-component oxide system of the highest fire resistance was
realized. In the series of investigations combination and natural raw material,
typical for our region is included that is important from economical point of
view. Synthesized on the Big Solar Furnace (BSF) virtually all the groups of
materials of various classes-high oxide, glasses and glassceramics. This
allowed to discover features of influence of concentrated solar radiation (CSR)
on properties, and correspondingly take a step on the way of directed
synthesis.
First of all, to such peculiarities one should take changes of such basic
parameter as crystalline structure. As a rule, when synthesizing under the
influence of concentrated solar energy more highly symmetrized structure
stabilized. Accordingly, premises are created for stability of materials on
higher temperatures. Materials are characterized by high purity-in melting
cleanup takes place at the expense of evaporation and diffusion in skull zone.
Using the technology of ultraspeed quenching showed the opportunity of
adjustment of formation process of required crystalline structure and dispersion.
Powders of size <5 micron, but ceramics on their basis is characterized by
unusual distinctive change of heat resistance and mechanical durability.
By results of investigation of a class of such compounds as titanates pellicles
were obtained with refraction coefficient of more than 2.4, that is challenging
for use in systems of stabilization of flying devices. In terms of groups of
Al, Mg, Fe, having almost null coefficient of thermal expansion ceramic
components for engines of internal combustion of adiabatic type. High
temperature conducting ceramics were obtained on the basis of zirconium oxide.
Superconductors are synthesized with the temperature of 900C. The most vivid
example of our elaborations in economy of the Republic was series of work on creation
of abrasives. It included technology creation of abrasive synthesis of grain,
structure development of bundle on the basis of mineral raw material of the
Republic of Uzbekistan and concluding stage was creation of full-scale abrasive
circles, using at enterprises combined “ONIKS”. Amount saved from their use
(jeweler’s saw is replaced) comes to about 30% from existing cost. Synthesis of
new refractory oxide materials, radial thermotreatment with the purpose of
improvement of their exploitative properties, thermalphysic determination,
spectraloptical characteristics, obtaining superpure materials, examination on
radial durability of bundles of new technology and etc. are carried out under
high temperatures. For solution of these tasks along with lasers and furnaces
with artificial sources concentrators of solar energy are widely used, in
addition their use is sometimes are the only method that gives answer to many
abovementioned tasks when powerful chromatic circuit stream of sufficiently big
size of different spectral composition are required. In these cases the most
appropriate ones could be large dimension concentrators of solar energy,
similar to Big Solar Furnace (BSF) with the power of 1000 kilowatt
Scientific-industrial association “Physics-Sun” Academy of Sciences of the
Republic of Uzbekistan.
Main directions of research
Basic researches
a. Research of processes
of interaction of the concentrated sunlight with substance.
b. Research of processes of synthesis of nonmetallic materials with the set
properties on the Big Solar Furnace.
Technical workings out
a. Working out of the
big and small solar power installations, expansion of functionality of the Big
Solar Furnace.
b. Working out of technology of synthesis of ceramic fireresistant materials
and products from them for needs of medicine, power, oil and gas branch,
electronics and light industry.
Complex test: Knots
of new technical and constructions design in the conditions of an irradiation
the concentrated stream of a sun light of various capacity in pulse and
continuous modes.
Unique scientific objects and manufacturing
areas
a) The Institute operates a unique object-Big Solar Furnace (BSF)
with capacity of 1000kW.
b) BSF represents a difficult optical-mechanical complex with the automatic
control system consisting from heliostats field and the parabolic concentrator,
forming in a focal zone of the concentrator (a technological tower) a radiant
stationary stream of high density.
c) Total area of reflecting surface of heliostats field - 3022,5m2, concentrator -1840m2.
For the oil and gas
industry the elements of a ceramic pontoon used in technological process of
storage of oil and mineral oil for the purpose of decrease of losses, connected
with evaporation volatile fractions are issued. Besides porcelain spheres for adsorbers
of zeolitic clearing of gas, and also skilled ceramic filters for clearing of
natural gas of various impurity are issued. For the textile industry are issued
more than 30 kinds thread drivers and thread to direct. For the electro
technical industry cases of safety locks of type PN-2 on 100, 250, 400А are
made. Structures of high-voltage electro technical porcelain are developed,
experimental batches are made and tests of cases of safety locks PKT-10 are
conducted. On the basis of the developed ceramic weights manufacture elements
to electro irons is debugged
Most a vivid example of the contribution of our creating out in Republic
economy was the cycle of works on creation of abrasives. It included creation
of technology of synthesis of abrasive grain, working out of structures of a
sheaf on the basis of mineral raw materials Republic of Uzbekistan and a
finishing cycle there was a creation of the natural abrasive circles used at
enterprise “ONYX”. The economy from their use (diamond circles are replaced)
makes about 30 % from the existing cost price. SPA “Physics- Sun” particularly
offers THEM synthesis by fusion on the solar furnace composite materials of the
set structure on a basis oxide of aluminum, zirconium, the titan, magnesium,
rare-earth elements, etc., for manufacturing of constructional, heat-resistant,
chemically inert ceramics with certain electro physical properties.
The concentrator focuses reflected from heliostats solar beams on a focal zone
in diameter 1.5м, where is created high energy. The focal area is located in a
technological tower where special devices are established and the equipment
allowing to investigate the physical and chemical processes proceeding at high
temperature influence on substances. On the basis of unique object international
projects STSU are carried out Р-3438. «Create out of ecologically pure
technology of creation of technical ceramics with solar energy use» and Uzb-121
«Create out of optimum technology of transformation of a solar energy in laser
radiation»
Main results in
fundamental research:
1) The phenomenon of threshold condensation streams high-temperature materials
in conditions of free cooling for the first time is revealed and dependence of
temperature of condensation on modes of laser heating is revealed.
2) The phenomenon of multistage condensation streams high-temperature materials
in a mode of free cooling for the first time is revealed.
3) Experimental data on spectral-optical properties of some progressive
materials widely used in modern industries for the first time are received in
the field of high temperatures, in a liquid phase and in a zone of fusion.
Practical developments
The institute has an
industrial line “Ceramics” where is made on the basis of the materials
developed and synthesized on the Big Solar Furnace. These materials, possessing
unique operational and physical and chemical characteristics, such as the small
factor of thermal expansion, high durability and thermal stability in extreme
environments, have a wide scope. These ceramic materials can be used to protect
spaceships from overheating when they approach the Sun, in blast furnaces, in
glass melting furnaces, etc.
a. Multipurpose ceramics (high temperature heaters, thermo coppers,
transformers, gas burners, radiators for medicine).
b. thread drivers for textile industry.
c. Safety locks of type PN-2 on 100, 250, 400А and insulators for the
electrical power industry.
d. Ceramic pontoons for the oil and gas industry.
e. Ceramic balls for adsorbers of zeolitic clearing of gas of the oil and gas
industry
Developed and creating
out installation for obtaining hydrogen, electrical power and high temperature
streams simultaneously. Small solar furnaces by capacity 1500W which within the
limits of the international contracts are developed and created for the
Republics Egypt (Metallurgy institute in Cairo) and Indian institute of powder
metallurgy. Flash of absorption of laser radiation for the first time is found
experimentally out at laser heating sublimation refractory material. The new direction
recognized in the world high-temperature spectral reflection meters - «a method
of probing flash» is developed, allowing to carry out{spend} measurement of
spectral-optical properties of modern materials with high accuracy in the field
of high temperatures and in a zone of phase transitions where there is a sharp
change indicatrices reflections of a researched surface. The technology of
creation of ceramic materials with beforehand set properties a method of a
radiating warming up on the Big Solar Furnace is created. On the basis of such
technology materials with demanded properties, which scientifically - practical
tests have passed are created necessary for needs of a national economy and
medicine.
As a result of research
of processes of interaction of the concentrated light stream with
high-temperature materials the mechanism of formation of ultra-disperse
particles in the field of the concentrated solar radiation is revealed. The
mechanism has a basis of creation of technology of reception micro powders on
the BSF. Development of the given direction can result to new and
nonconventional methods in helio material sciences. On the basis of system
Al2O3 - ZrO2 the mechanism of formation of a heterogeneous phase owing to
diffusion of modifying additives in high-temperature ceramic materials is
revealed. The mechanism allows to describe a condition of materials at
influence of heats and mechanical loadings, and also to adjust their
manufacture.
Since 2001 at the
initiative of the President of Republic action for ignition of a torch of
sports for pupils of high schools, colleges and students of University («Umid
nihollari», «Barkamol avlod», “Universiada”) on focus of the BSF. Direct
participation in of such actions of employees of the Device of the President,
Academy of Sciences, the Ministry of the Higher Education and Olympic
committee, the Society «Vatanparvar» has allowed to carry out these actions at
high level.
Opportunities for Using the Resource of Wind Energy in Uzbekistan
It is known that in the
future a characteristic feature of the development of modern energy is the wide
involvement of the country’s energy balance of renewable energy sources (RES).
In a number of countries and regions, the share of electricity among renewable
energy generated by wind farms is a real competitor to traditional energy [2].
Estimation of the global potential of wind energy on the Earth’s surface is
about 1200 TW. Wind power is present in more than 79 countries, of which 24
countries have more than 1GW of installed wind power in Denmark, 20% of
electricity is generated from wind energy, in Spain this figure has reached 8%,
in the Netherlands and the Northern Lands of Germany 10%. It is expected that
by 2020 the share of generated wind turbine energy alone will be 15% of the
generated electricity, which is half of the total forecast for the use of
alternative sources [3].
To use the main energy resources of renewable energy sources on a large
industrial scale in Uzbekistan is solar, hydraulic and wind energy. Their local
use in autonomous power plants (sparsely populated mountain and rural areas,
remote small consumers, etc.) are not considered in view of their small share
in the balance of electricity in the republic. By the condition of their
effectiveness as power plants, the Uzbek-Energo State Joint-Stock Company and
the volume of availability for the conditions and climate of Uzbekistan that
are connected to the electric network of the territorial branches, the above
RESs for electricity generation are located in the indicated descending order.
The introduction of renewable energy is one of the most important priorities
for the transition of the economy of the Republic of Uzbekistan to innovative
rails and environmentally friendly technologies. The relevance of this
direction was once again emphasized in the Decree of the President of
Uzbekistan Sh.M. Mirziyoyev dated May 26, 2017 No. PP-30-12 “On the Program of
Measures for the Further Development of Renewable Energy, Increasing Energy
Efficiency in the Economic and Social Spheres for 2017-2021” The decree is
aimed at conducting scientific and practical research and developing a program
of measures for the further development of renewable energy, as well as at the
practical use of wind energy, taking into account the climatic characteristics
of the regions of Uzbekistan. The Decree’s implementation program is intended
to increase the generated renewable energy capacities to 2021 by 1,003.9MW, of
which hydroelectric capacity is 601.9MW, solar energy by 300.0MW, wind energy
by 102.0MW.
The main limiting factor for the widespread introduction of wind energy in
Uzbekistan is the lack of incentive measures for the population and industrial
consumers, characteristic of Germany, Holland, Denmark, the USA and China and, as
a result, high capital investments that completely fall on the shoulders of the
consumer. Another significant problem is the lack of enterprises for the
production of wind generators of various capacities and components based on the
most modern technologies. Therefore, investors in tendering projects of a wind
power plant (wind farm) are guided by the use of expensive imported wind
turbines. This increases the cost of electricity, inhibits the development of
wind energy, the necessary solutions to reduce wind farms are the production of
wind turbines in the country, using local raw materials.
The work [4- 6] studied the formation of wind flows over the territory of
Uzbekistan and their features, due to the orographic parameters of the
territory and synoptic processes in the atmosphere, affecting the
characteristics of wind flows. When designing wind turbines, it is necessary to
determine the wind potential of the area where construction is planned. Wind
farms (wind farms) are being built in places where the wind speed is higher
than 4.5m/s. Currently, six modern meteorological stations operate in different
regions of Uzbekistan to study the solar and wind cadaster. One of the six
modern weather stations is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Big solar furnace with the power of 1000 kilowatt Scientific-industrial association “Physics-Sun” Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
In meteorology, anemometers are used to measure wind speed. According to the principle of action, mechanical anemometers are distinguished, in which the movement of gas rotates a cup wheel or impeller, thermal anemometers, the principle of which is based on measuring the decrease in temperature of a heated body (usually an incandescent wire), and the operation of ultrasonic anemometers is based on measuring the speed of sound in a flowing gas depending on its speed. A cup anemometer is the most common type of anemometer, which is installed at a standard height of 10m see Figure 2 for measuring wind speed. As a rule, the heads of small wind turbines are located at a height of 5 to 50m. To determine the velocity vz (at a height of z m) at these heights, the approximation formula (1) is often used, which includes the standard wind speed us measured at a height of 10 m, namely [7].
where, vz is the average wind speed at an arbitrary
height z, vs is the wind speed at a standard height.
Figure 2: A modern weather station installed in the Parkent region of Tashkent viloyat of Uzbekistan.
For open spaces, the
parameter b = 1/7 = 0.14. The smaller the value of the parameter b, the less
the loads experienced by the wind wheel blade in the lower and upper positions
will differ. As you know, wind is a vector quantity, which, along with the average
value of speed, is also characterized by an instantaneous value - a gust. That
is, modern measuring instruments make it possible to measure not only the
average wind speed values, but also the change in wind speed in a short time.
In Figure 3 & 4 shows the results of experimental measurements of the gust
and average wind speed at the Parkent weather station MHP MS4-12-1. They show
the statistical nature of the change in these parameters over the course of a
month, which should be taken into account when developing renewable energy
sources.
Figure 3: Gust and hourly averaged wind speed values measured by the Parkent weather station MHP MS4-12-1 in the month of June 2013.
Figure 4: Wind directions measured by the Parkent weather station MHP MS4-12-1 in the month of June 2013 (wind direction - wind direction relative to the north, wind direction StDev - standard deviation of the change in wind direction within the measurement interval in degrees).
In 2010, to study the
meteorological conditions at a selected site in the village of Yubileiny,
Bostanlyksky district, a 52-meterhigh meteorological mast was installed.
Anemometric devices for 1.5 years, recorded meteorological data around the
clock with an interval of 10 minutes, which were subsequently processed in
Germany according to a special program. As a result of the research, a pilot
wind power plant with a capacity of 750kW was built in the village of
Yubileiny, Bostanlyk district, Tashkent region (Figure 5). Based on the results
of the data obtained, a project was developed, technical requirements for
equipment were formulated, and an experimental wind turbine was built. The
generated electric energy of wind turbines will be supplied to a single energy
network.
Figure 5: General view of a wind turbine 0.75 MW in the Tashkent region.
To predict the
generation of electricity from a grid or autonomous wind farm, it is necessary
to assess the economic feasibility of wind farm efficiency. The basis for such
estimates is the results of indicators of long-term monitoring obtained on the
basis of real data. Wind turbine power generation data connected to the central
network is recorded by a remote monitoring system. The monitoring results from
October 2017 to October 2018 are shown in Figure 6.
Figure 6: Wind turbine electricity generation indicators with a capacity of 0.76MW (kW · h for months).
As can be seen from Figure 6, preserving the constancy of the air flow rate, the generation of electricity increases. At the same time, the analysis shows that the lower wind power generation is explained as follows, if the wind speed is less than 4m/s, the wind turbines will not generate electricity. At a wind speed of 14-15m/ s, a wind turbine generates 750kW of rated power. It should be noted that in order to get a more complete picture of the station’s operation, it is necessary to carry out at least one-year monitoring of its operation.
The installation in the village of Yubileinaya, Bostanlyk district of Tashkent
region is the first experimental installation for conducting research and
monitoring wind turbine indicators, the results obtained, which will be taken
into account when designing and constructing a wind farm in Uzbekistan. It is
planned to build a wind power plant with a capacity of 200 megawatts (MW) worth
$1.8 billion at Kutchi pasture in the Gijduvan region of Bukhara viloyat.
As part of this project,
in September 2019, the ceremony of commissioning the wind speed meters of a
huge object took place [8]. The foreign enterprise “Liaoning Leader Gijduvan
Wayd Energy” has already collected 6,000 hectares of land for a major project
in the area. The location of the selected area is considered optimal for
sustained winds. This will play an important role in ensuring the high
efficiency of devices that convert renewable energy into electricity. The masts
of wind speed meters have a height of 120 meters. Upon completion of the study,
several dozen masts will be built at this height at the first stage of the
project with three large blades of 35 meters each. It is expected that the wind
farm will be commissioned in the fall of 2020. The project cost is 240 million
US dollars. It supplies electricity not only to Gijduvan, but also to some
other areas.
Conclusions for the Chapter
In Uzbekistan, there are
favorable conditions for the use of renewable types of energy, especially solar
and wind energy [9]. A large solar furnace with a thermal power of 1000kW is
operated here and small solar installations with concentrators of the type:
parabola, parabolocylinder, Fresnel mirror concentrating system of various
power are being built. In the Pap district of Namangan region, a photovoltaic
station with a capacity of 130kW is operated in test mode. The efficiency of
this FES is controlled by the staff of the International Institute of Solar
Energy [10,11]. Much attention is paid to the use of wind energy in Uzbekistan.
In test mode, a wind turbine with a horizontal axis of rotation with a power of
0.75MW is operated. Modern automatic weather stations have been installed in
six regions of the country to determine the resources of solar and wind energy,
as well as to predict the efficiency of solar and wind power plants [12].
Read More Lupine Publishers Robotics Journal Articles: https://robotics-engineering-lupine-journal.blogspot.com/
